任舒怀
摘要：公共利益的实现要求君主持守无利害性情，而超越世俗利益的君主却缺乏统治的基本动机，这一组张力构成了君主教育中经典的“哲人王不愿统治”问题。费奈隆在《特勒马科斯纪》中试图通过调控君主的自爱激情来缓和这一张力。一方面，教育使君主相信真正的幸福不在于政治权势，而在于内在安宁，从而使君主的自爱转变为趋向隐逸自由的欲望；另一方面，教育又必须强调真正的安宁在于身后的永恒救赎。这必须由君主生前恪尽职守、实现“真荣耀”才能赢取。凭借对君主自爱的这种复杂调控，费奈隆试图使君主在利害与无利害的张力之间找到平衡点。尽管费奈隆的君主镜鉴没有真正落实，但“驯化自爱”的理念却深刻影响了启蒙运动，成为古今之变的一条隐秘线索。
关键词：费奈隆；《特勒马科斯纪》；君主镜鉴；启蒙运动
“The Reluctant Philosopher-King”:
Fénelon on the Intrinsic Tension in the Education of a Prince
Abstract: A prince must be disinterested enough to serve the common good, yet a person who remains completely disinterested lacks the motivation to fulfil the public obligation. Such is the dilemma of “the reluctant philosopher-king” in shaping a model prince. In Les Aventures de Télémaque, François Fénelon attempts to mitigate this tension by manipulating the prince’s amour-propre. On the one hand, Telemachus is led to believe that true happiness comes not from political power but from one’s inner tranquility, by which his amour-propre does not become ambitions and is alternatively transformed into a desire for private freedom. On the other hand, Telemachus is also taught that the ultimate tranquility is the eternal happiness in the afterlife, which is only earned with the “true glory” of this life as a benign king. The complex manipulation of amour-propre thereby maintains a delicate balance between a prince’s self-interest and disinterestedness. Although Fénelon’s educational project fails to crystallize in history, the idea of taming the amour-propre nevertheless profoundly inspires Enlightenment thinkers and constitutes a hidden transformation from the ancient to the modern.
Key words: François Fénelon，Les Aventures de Télémaque，Mirror of Prince，Enlightenment