夏尔凡
摘要：本文尝试论证托马斯·霍布斯的自然法是塑造以“努力”为核心的人类行动机制的一系列习俗性“品行”，人们依据这些“品行”行动就构成和平的政治状态，由此实现和保障了“幸福”的自然权利，即安稳持久地满足欲望的自由空间。本文对霍布斯研究做出三点贡献：第一，澄清“幸福”在其政治哲学中的核心理论地位和节制意涵，弥补文献中对它的相对忽视，并纠正认为它是比较性的、扩张性的误解；第二，辨析“自然权利”的实质内容，指出作为霍布斯政治哲学规范性基础的自然权利是幸福的权利；第三，指出自然法的习俗性质，修正了文献中将自然法作为理性算计的行动指南或道德义务这两种解读。
关键词：霍布斯；自然法；品行；幸福；自然权利
【作者】夏尔凡，加拿大多伦多大学政治学系博士候选人。
【Title】The Conventional Way to Moderate Happiness: A Reconsideration of Hobbes’ Natural Law Theory
Abstract: This essay argues that Hobbes’ laws of nature are a series of conventional “manners” ,which shape the fundamental mechanism of human action, “endeavour” , so that a peaceful civil state emerges, in which the natural right to felicity, i.e., a free space for secure and continuous satisfaction of desires, is realized. This essay makes three contributions to our understanding of Hobbes: first, it clarifies the theoretical significance and moderate implication of “felicity” in Hobbes to remedy the relative neglect of this concept and the misunderstanding of it as competitive and expansive in the literature; second, it explains that “natural right” as the normative foundation in Hobbes’ political philosophy is the right to felicity; third, it points out the conventional nature of the laws of nature, in contrast to reading them either as rational guides for action or unconditional moral obligations.
Key Words: Hobbes, Laws of nature, Manners, Felicity, Natural right