古希腊人的政治竞争和政治斗争观
郑旭涛
【摘 要】古希腊人的政治理想与政治态度之间存在缝隙。他们一方面普遍将团结、促进公共利益视为政治理想；另一方面则鼓励政治竞争、有条件地认可政治斗争、包容个人利益。古希腊人普遍崇尚和鼓励公民在政治、体育等领域进行良性的竞争。他们有条件地承认政治斗争的合理性，往往包容公民之间、党派之间一般的政治斗争，反对悖德的政治斗争，普遍认为个人或党派因捍卫自身正当利益而对城邦的斗争是合理的抗争。政治竞争和斗争的主要目的是追逐荣誉、物质利益等私人利益。他们试图在个人利益与公共利益之间寻求一种双赢的平衡，为个人利益留下了一定的空间，但尚未认识到通过法制保障个人自由。古希腊人强烈的政治竞争和斗争精神对古希腊政治生活产生了双刃剑式的影响。
【关键词】古希腊政治文化；政治竞争；政治斗争；公共利益；个人利益
Abstract：There is a gap between the political ideals and political attitudes of the ancient Greeks. On the one hand, they generally regarded homonoia and the promotion of public interests as political ideals. On the other hand, they encouraged political competition, conditionally approved of political strife, and accommodated individual interests. They generally advocated for and encouraged citizens to engage in healthy competition in the fields of, among others, politics and sports. Conditionally acknowledging that political strife is rational, they tended to embrace political struggles among citizens and political parties as they are rational actions to safeguard legitimate personal or collective interests. However, the ancient Greeks objected to immoral political struggles. The main purpose of political contest and struggle was the pursuit of individual interests such as honor and material benefits. They attempted to strike a win-win balance between personal interests and public interests, leaving some room for personal interests while not yet recognizing the protection of individual freedom through the rule of law. The influence of the strong political competition and fighting spirit of the ancient Greeks was a double-edged sword to their political life.
Key Words：ancient Greek political culture; political contest; political struggle; public interest; personal interest