京师大学堂仕学馆的入学、分流与就业

徐保安

【摘  要】仕学馆是1902 年张百熙重建京师大学堂时奏准开办的两大速成科之一,以在职官员为教育对象,12 月17 日开学,1906 年毕业后不再招生。该馆通过考取、师范馆拨入、译学馆拨入等渠道,共招收80 名正式学员及若干听讲员。正式学员中有5 名未入馆,其余通过拨入译学馆、出洋、获职得差等各种途径分流,最终参加毕业考试者34 名。毕业学员为各衙门争相罗致,主要就业方向一是丙午改制前后成立的各新设机构或诸如大清银行等新兴事业部门,一是各地法政学堂;民国成立后学员任职主要向法律界集中,其余学员或继续清末事业,或选择了退隐。由仕学馆招生、毕业、任职情况可以看出,该馆政治社会影响不断扩大,作为清末开官智的重要组成部分,其为清末新政与民初法政建设提供了部分生力军。学员通过学习实现了就业途径的多元化,在社会竞争中有了一席之地,可谓“预流”了社会发展大势;其辛亥前后任职路径的延续与断裂见证了清末民初社会转型的宏大脉络。

【关键词】京师大学堂 仕学馆 开官智 社会转型

Abstract:The Imperial University of Peking was rebuilt by Zhang-baixi in 1902, the Shi-Xue College was one of its two fast-track departments. This college took officials as the object of education, began on December 17, 1902, and no longer enrolled new students after graduation in 1906. The Shi-Xue College hadenrolled 80 formal students and several informal students through examination, transfer from normal college and imperial college of languages. In addition to the failure of five students to enter the college, the rest were diverted through various channels, and finally 34 students took the graduation examination.The graduates of this college were taken away by various departments. Their main inauguration direction is the new departments and local law schools before and after the restructuring in 1906. Some of the students became legal workers and some of the students became old adherents during the Republic of China. Through the recruitment, graduation, and appointment of the Shi-Xue College, it can be seen that the social impact of the college continues to expand. As an important part of the system of developing official wisdom , it provided some vital forces for the new policy of the late Qing Dynasty and the construction of the law and politic in the early Republic of China. The students have diversified their employment paths and have a place in social competition through learning. The continuationand break of their employment path reveals the basic context of social and political transformation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Key Words:The Imperial University of Peking,Shi-Xue College,Developing Official-Wisdom, Social transformation