【Title】Elites and Political Parties: A Comparative Analysis of the Democratization Process in Five Central and Eastern European Countries
【作者】费海汀，北京大学 中国政治学研究中心 助理教授；朱江彬，北京大学 元培学院学生。
【摘要】：政党的寡头化是转型国家民主化进程阻滞与逆转的一个重要原因。政党的寡头化是指政党对特定的政治精英个人或集团的依附。寡头化的政党会赋予政治精英更强的动机挑战既有的竞争规则与程序，从而破坏精英集团间的共识，使转型的轨道偏移。本文以中东欧五个国家为案例，对两种现有精英行为模型（“蝇王”模型与“山中之王”模型）进行验证分析。结果发现，匈牙利、波兰、捷克三国属于正面案例，在一定程度上仍能符合两种理论模型的描述，但需要降低对转型之初制度建设的强调，更加重视政党建设对转型进程的影响。而乌克兰与斯洛伐克两国则更接近于负面案例，乌克兰未能达到模型的良好预期，斯洛伐克则未出现模型的负面预期。二者之间的重要差别同样在于政党体制与政党建设，特别是政党寡头化程度的差异。本文认为，政党建设在转型过程中的作用仍被低估。能抵制和摆脱寡头化倾向、约束政治精英的政党，更容易遵守竞争规则，更能为转型过程塑造良好的政治环境。
Abstract：The oligarchization of political parties is an important reason for the stagnation and reversal of the democratization process in transitive countries. The oligarchization of political parties refers to party’s affiliation to a specific political elite individual or group. Oligarchized political parties will give political elites a stronger motive to challenge the existing competition rules and procedures, thus undermining the consensus among elite groups and shifting the track of transition. Taking five countries in Central and Eastern Europe as examples, this paper verifies and analyzes two existing elite behavior models (“Lord of the Flies” model and “King of the Mountain” model). The results show that Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic are positive cases, which can still meet the description of the two theoretical models to a certain extent, but we need to reduce the emphasis on the institutional construction at the beginning of the transition and pay more attention to the impact of party construction on the transition process. Ukraine and Slovakia are more of negative cases, that is to say, the expected results of the two models do not appear. Ukraine failed to meet the benign expectations of the model, while Slovakia did not have the vicious expectations of the model. The important difference between them also lies in the party system and party construction, especially the degree of oligarchization. This paper holds that the role of party construction in the process of transition is still underestimated. Political parties that can resist and get rid of the tendency of oligarchization and those that can restrain political elites are easier to abide by competition rules and create a good political environment for the transition process.
【关键词】：民主化；民主倒退；政治精英；政党；中东欧
Democratization, Democratic backsliding, Political elites, Political parties, Central and Eastern Europe