朱宝清 高 岭 李 立
摘 要：西方经典政治社会学理论忽视了农民阶级能动性和革命运动领导权，本文尝试从马克思主义政治社会学的理论视角，并结合20世纪上半叶三次农民革命的比较历史研究，重新解释农民革命的发生机制。本文发现，政党是激发农民阶级能动性和决定革命成败的关键。虽然农民阶级代表了一种碎片化的社会存在方式，但在政党的不断互动中能够被整合为积极的革命主体。俄国和中国分别探索出了“政党代表农民革命”和“政党引领农民革命”的实践逻辑，但中国革命道路更为成功。将比较历史分析方法和马克思主义政治社会学理论相结合，重新考察农民革命理论，对发展当代“政党-社会”关系范式和理解农民革命的发生机制具有重要的理论价值与启示意义。
关键词：农民革命；比较历史分析；马克思主义；政治社会学；“政党-社会”关系
【作者】朱宝清，复旦大学马克思主义学院博士研究生；高岭，通讯作者，厦门大学经济学院、王亚南经济研究院助理教授；李立，浙江大学公共管理学院博士研究生。
【Title】“Bringing Political Party Back in”
——A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Modern Peasant Revolution
Abstract: Contemporary Western political sociological theory of peasant revolution argues that the peasant factor plays a passive role in the revolution and has a negative impact on modernization. This study proposes an answer to the proposition of peasant revolution based on the criticism of the theory for neglecting the exploration of peasant group agency and revolutionary movement leadership, and based on the dialectical analysis of traditional Marxist theory on the relationship between peasants and revolution. This paper rediscovers and reinterprets Marxist theory of peasant revolution and its dialectic through a comparative historical analysis of three peasant revolutions in the first half of the twentieth century. Although the peasant class represents a fragmented form of social existence, the continuous interaction between revolutionary parties and peasant groups leads to the proposition that “political parties represent peasant revolution” and “political parties lead the peasant revolution” has emerged and led the peasant revolution to success. When the peasant revolution lacks the factor of revolutionary party, the “party-society” bond is likely to easily broken, and the revolution cannot achieve complete economic and social transformation. We believe that the combination of comparative historical analysis and return to Marxist theory to re-examine the theory of peasant revolution has theoretical significance for establishing the contemporary paradigm of “party-society” relationship and understanding the mechanism of peasant revolution.
Keywords: Peasant revolution，Comparative historical analysis， Marxism， Political sociology，“Party-society” relations