周 超
摘 要：“地主-家族”复合体与民主的关系是民主政治研究的重要视角之一，民主这一政治学核心概念在世界政治实践与理论的张力下仍存在丰富的研究空间。既有主流理论整体上认为地主-家族复合体是阻碍实现民主化的力量，但印度地主-家族复合体与民主政治的超稳定共生关系挑战了这一理论假定。其“ 封建制民主”生成的核心机制在于英国殖民统治者通过经济和政治的双重赋权，将土地私有制和自由民主政体移植到印度。自由民主政体这一外来制度被移植后，配合印度教等因素，地主-家族精英（作为核心变量）依托竞争性选举，通过国内政治机构等（作为中介变量）获得合法性来维护和平衡阶级（实质上的种姓阶级）利益，实现与民主政体的结合，形成封建制民主。封建制民主一旦确立，就具备了自身生命力并随时间演进而固化。当实质民主被置换为程序性的“选主”时，民主反而成为维护少数人支配地位的主要工具，也成为印度长期陷入国家治理困境的重要原因。这一政治现象的理论革新意义在于，“自由主义民主制度”在实践上可以是封建制属性或带有其他属性的寡头政治，带来严重不平等并导致社会发展与国家治理的困境。这一困境在印度近年来经济下行压力增大与新冠疫情的叠加冲击下愈发明显，其对外政策的负面效应也在逐渐扩大，为后发国家民主政治建设带来深刻参照。
关键词：印度；地主-家族；自由主义民主；封建制民主；国家治理；社会结构
【作者】周超，中国人民大学国际关系学院博士生。
【Title】“Feudal Democracy” in India: An Explanation of Factor and Mechanism
Abstract：The relationship between "landlord-family" complex and democracy is an important perspective of democracy research. Democracy, the core concept of comparative politics, still has rich research space under the tension of world political practice and theory. The existing mainstream theories generally believe that the landlord-family complex is a force hindering the realization of democratization, but the super stable symbiotic relationship between India's landlord-family complex and democracy challenges this theoretical assumption. The core mechanism of its “feudal democracy” is that the British colonial rulers introduced private land ownership and free democracy into India through the dual empowerment of economy and politics, cooperated with Hinduism and other factors, took the landlord -family elite as the core variable, relied on competitive elections, obtained legitimacy through domestic political institutions and other intermediary variables to maintain and balance the interests of the class (essentially the caste class) and realize the combination with democracy, forming the dependent variable of feudal democracy and strengthen itself. When substantive democracy is replaced by "electocracy”, democracy has become the main tool to maintain the dominant position of the minority. The feudal democracy without benign change in the original social structure is an important reason for India's long-term dilemma of national governance. The theoretical innovation significance of this political phenomenon lies in that, in practice, liberal democracy can be an oligarchy with feudal attributes or other attributes, which brings serious inequality and leads to the dilemma of social development and national governance. This dilemma has become more and more obvious under the superimposed impact of the increasing downward pressure on India's economy and the COVID-19 in recent years, and the negative effects of its foreign policy are gradually expanding, It will bring a profound reference to the nation building of the developing countries.
Key words：India， Landlord—family， Liberal democracy， Feudal democracy， National governance， Social structure