从《逸周书》看西周的国家形态

俞可平
 

【摘  要】《逸周书》是关于西周国家最重要的历史文献之一。《逸周书》的相当篇章是周人对西周国家的历史实录,其余篇章则是春秋战国士人对周朝的追述。从整体上说,它反映了先秦士大夫心目中周朝的国家形象。从政治学的角度看,先秦士大夫在《逸周书》中所塑造和建构的西周国家形象具有以下特征:周朝已经拥有传统国家的所有要素,是比较发达的传统国家形态;等级制度是西周国家公共秩序和政治生活的本质;礼法体系已经相当成熟,并且成为政治评价的基本标准;政府的职能范围十分广泛,全能主义的国家治理模式已具雏形;除了维护等级秩序的本质职能之外,周朝政权已经具备赋税征收和简单的社会公共服务职能;“王道”和“霸道”的思想已受到周朝统治者的高度重视,“王道”已经成为其理想的统治方式;周朝政权十分重视外交和国际关系,已经拥有比较系统的国际战略思想。

【关键词】《逸周书》、西周、国家、等级秩序、礼法体制

Abstract: Yi Zhou Shu is one of the most important historical documents about countries in the Western Zhou period. A significant part of Yi Zhou Shu was written by people in the Zhou Dynasty who truly recorded their own countries at that time, and the rest chapters of the book were written by people in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period retrospecting things happened in the Zhou Dynasty. Generally speaking, Yi Zhou Shu reflected the image of states in the heart of the literati-officialdom class in the Pre-Qin period. From a political perspective, the image of states that was constructed and described by literati and officialdom in the Pre-Qin period in Yi Zhou Shu has the following characteristics: Zhou Dynasty contains all components of the traditional country and can be considered as an advanced form of the traditional polity; hierarchy is the nature of public order and political life for all the Western Zhou countries. the Etiquette-Law system was very mature at that time, and became the benchmark for political evaluation; states in the Zhou Dynasty have powerful functions and wide scopes, and even the rudiment of totalism as a state-governing style has emerged; in addition to maintaining hierarchy, the Zhou Regime had the capacity to collect taxes and to provide basic public service for the society; rule by virtue and rule by force were very influential to rulers for Zhou Dynasty, and rule by virtue became the ideal ruling approach at that time; Zhou regime paid very close attention to diplomacy and foreign affairs, and had relatively systematic international-strategic thoughts.

Keyword:Yi Zhou Shu , Western Zhou, State, Hierarchy, the Etiquette-Law system

 

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